PURPOSE

Patient experience varies with the currently available colon imaging tests, including air contrast barium enema, computed tomographic colonography, and colonoscopy. We examined differences in patient experience with colon imaging tests and whether they varied with gender, age, and race.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Patients with fecal occult blood, hematochezia, iron-deficiency anemia, or a family history of colon cancer underwent air contrast barium enema followed 7 to 14 days later by computed tomographic colonography and colonoscopy. Validated patient experience questionnaires that measured the experience for each test and a separate questionnaire that obtained an overall summary measure were administered after testing. Eleven patient experiences including pain, embarrassment, difficulty with bowel preparation, and satisfaction with tests were examined.

RESULTS

A total of 614 subjects completed all 3 imaging tests. The test most patients were willing to repeat was colonoscopy; it also was reported to be the least painful procedure. Patients were least satisfied with air contrast barium enema, and fewer would undergo air contrast barium enema compared with computed tomographic colonography or colonoscopy. There were limited racial and gender differences in perceptions of the tests. Younger adults perceived air contrast barium enema to be more painful than older adults.

CONCLUSION

Taking into account a wide variety of patient experience measures, patients preferred colonoscopy to air contrast barium enema and computed tomographic colonography. This finding has important implications for physicians considering different colon imaging tests.

DAP12 is an ITAM-containing adapter that associates with receptors in myeloid and NK cells. DAP12-associated receptors can give activation signals leading to cytokine production; however, in some situations, DAP12 inhibits cytokine production stimulated through TLRs and FcRs. Here we show that Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM)-2 is responsible for the DAP12-mediated inhibition in mouse macrophages. A chimeric receptor composed of the extracellular domain of TREM-2 and the cytoplasmic domain of DAP12 inhibited the TLR- and FcR-induced TNF production of DAP12-deficient macrophages, whereas a TREM-1 chimera did not. In wild-type macrophages, TREM-2 knockdown increased TLR-induced TNF production. A TREM-2 Fc fusion protein bound to macrophages, indicating that macrophages express a TREM-2 ligand. Thus, the interaction of TREM-2 and its ligand results in an inhibitory signal that can reduce the inflammatory response.

With the availability of transgenic models, the mouse has become an increasingly important subject for genetic-hemodynamic studies. Recently, we developed a technique to measure left ventricular (LV) pressure in conscious mice with an implanted LV polyethylene tube. We extended our new method by evaluating the LV pressure-volume relationship and examined the feasibility of this method in this study. We studied 17 male mice (age, 11-20 wk) with a conductance catheter inserted into the LV through the polyethylene tube. Load-independent parameters of contractility derived from pressure-volume relationship [slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (E(es)), slope of the maximum first derivative of LV pressure (dP/dt(max))-end-diastolic volume (EDV) relation, and preload-recruitable stroke work (PRSW)] were evaluated by inferior vena caval occlusion with an implanted snare. LV function assessed by this technique on two different days showed that the parameters were very similar, indicating reproducibility. Both linear and nonlinear regression analyses were performed for E(es). Contractility was enhanced by isoproterenol (E(es), 13.1 +/- 6.6 to 20.8 +/- 8.7 mmHg/microl; dP/dt(max)-EDV, 496 +/- 139 to 825 +/- 178 mmHg.s(-1).microl(-1); and PRSW, 110 +/- 23 to 127 +/- 21 mmHg), depressed by atenolol (E(es), 14.5 +/- 6.1 to 4.6 +/- 2.0 mmHg/microl; dP/dt(max)-EDV, 543 +/- 188 to 185 +/- 94 mmHg.s(-1).microl(-1); and PRSW, 117 +/- 20 to 70 +/- 15 mmHg) and isoflurane (E(es), 12.3 +/- 6.0 to 5.7 +/- 2.1 mmHg/microl; dP/dt(max)-EDV, 528 +/- 172 to 164 +/- 68 mmHg/s.microl; and PRSW, 124 +/- 19 to 48 +/- 10 mmHg), significantly. In conclusion, this is the first description of the LV pressure-volume relationship in conscious mice. These findings suggest that this method is feasible to detect changes of contractility in the conscious state, allowing serial assessment of pressure-volume-derived cardiac function indexes over time without anesthesia or repeated surgery.