Publications

INTRODUCTION

Preventing tuberculosis (TB) disease requires treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) as well as prevention of person-to-person transmission. We estimated the LTBI prevalence for the entire United States and for each state by medical risk factors, age, and race/ethnicity, both in the total population and stratified by nativity.

METHODS

We created a mathematical model using all incident TB disease cases during 2013-2017 reported to the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System that were classified using genotype-based methods or imputation as not attributed to recent TB transmission. Using the annual average number of TB cases among US-born and non-US-born persons by medical risk factor, age group, and race/ethnicity, we applied population-specific reactivation rates (and corresponding 95% confidence intervals [CI]) to back-calculate the estimated prevalence of untreated LTBI in each population for the United States and for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2015.

RESULTS

We estimated that 2.7% (CI: 2.6%-2.8%) of the U.S. population, or 8.6 (CI: 8.3-8.8) million people, were living with LTBI in 2015. Estimated LTBI prevalence among US-born persons was 1.0% (CI: 1.0%-1.1%) and among non-US-born persons was 13.9% (CI: 13.5%-14.3%). Among US-born persons, the highest LTBI prevalence was in persons aged ≥65 years (2.1%) and in persons of non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity (3.1%). Among non-US-born persons, the highest LTBI prevalence was estimated in persons aged 45-64 years (16.3%) and persons of Asian and other racial/ethnic groups (19.1%).

CONCLUSIONS

Our estimations of the prevalence of LTBI by medical risk factors and demographic characteristics for each state could facilitate planning for testing and treatment interventions to eliminate TB in the United States. Our back-calculation method feasibly estimates untreated LTBI prevalence and can be updated using future TB disease case counts at the state or national level.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the incidence of surgical site complications associated with pronation-abduction ankle fracture-dislocations with an open medial tension wound.

DESIGN

Retrospective case series.

SETTING

Accredited level-1 trauma center.Patients/Participants: Forty-eight open pronation-abduction ankle fracture-dislocations with medial tension failure wounds treated at our institution from 2014 to 2016.

INTERVENTION

Immediate irrigation and debridement along with surgical stabilization of open ankle fracture-dislocation.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

The primary outcome measure was deep surgical site infection. Secondary outcome measures included other surgical site complications and adverse radiographic events.

RESULTS

A total of five patients (10.4%) developed a deep surgical site infection requiring additional surgical debridements. One of the patients with a deep surgical site infection required a below-knee amputation as a result of sepsis. Adverse radiographic outcomes included three fibular nonunions (6.3%), three implant failures related to syndesmotic fixations (6.3%), one peri-implant fracture (2.1%), and postoperative collapse of the tibial plafond in three patients (6.3%).

CONCLUSIONS

Open pronation-abduction ankle fracture-dislocations with medial tension failure wounds remain a challenging and potentially devastating injury. Our study suggests that with appropriate surgical debridement, early stabilization, and primary wound closure, acceptable outcomes with a relatively low risk of surgical site complications can be achieved.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.