It is increasingly common to monitor the marine environment and establish geographic trends of environmental contamination by measuring contaminant levels in animals from higher trophic levels. The health of an ecosystem is largely reflected in the health of its inhabitants. As an apex predator, the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) can reflect the health of near shore marine ecosystems, and reflect coastal threats that pose risk to human health, such as legacy contaminants or marine toxins, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brevetoxins. Major advances in the understanding of dolphin biology and the unique adaptations of these animals in response to the marine environment are being made as a result of the development of cell-lines for use in in vitro experiments, the production of monoclonal antibodies to recognize dolphin proteins, the development of dolphin DNA microarrays to measure global gene expression and the sequencing of the dolphin genome. These advances may play a central role in understanding the complex and specialized biology of the dolphin with regard to how this species responds to an array of environmental insults. This work presents the creation, characterization and application of a new molecular tool to better understand the complex and unique biology of the common bottlenose dolphin and its response to environmental stress and infection. A dolphin oligo microarray representing 24,418 unigene sequences was developed and used to analyze blood samples collected from 69 dolphins during capture-release health assessments at five geographic locations (Beaufort, NC, Sarasota Bay, FL, Saint Joseph Bay, FL, Sapelo Island, GA and Brunswick, GA). The microarray was validated and tested for its ability to: 1) distinguish male from female dolphins; 2) differentiate dolphins inhabiting different geographic locations (Atlantic coasts vs the Gulf of Mexico); and 3) study in detail dolphins resident in one site, the Georgia coast, known to be heavily contaminated by Aroclor 1268, an uncommon polychlorinated (PCB) mixture. The microarray was able to distinguish dolphins by sex, geographic location, and corroborate previously published health irregularities for the Georgia dolphins. Genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, development/differentiation and oncogenic pathways were found to be differentially expressed in GA dolphins. The report bridges the advancements in dolphin genome sequencing to the first step towards providing a cost-effective means to screen for indicators of chemical toxin exposure as well as disease status in top level predators.

BACKGROUND

extracellular matrix (ECM) components are instrumental in maintaining homeostasis and muscle fiber functional integrity. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is associated with ECM remodeling. Specifically, recent studies have reported the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in muscle ECM remodeling. However, the functional role of MMPs in muscle hypertrophy remains largely unknown.

METHODS

in this study, we examined the role of MMP-2 in skeletal muscle hypertrophy using a previously validated method where the plantaris muscle of mice were subjected to mechanical overload due to the surgical removal of synergist muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus).

RESULTS

following two weeks of overload, we observed a significant increase in MMP-2 activity and up-regulation of ECM components and remodeling enzymes in the plantaris muscles of wild-type mice. However, MMP-2 knockout mice developed significantly less hypertrophy and ECM remodeling in response to overload compared to their wild-type littermates. Investigation of protein synthesis rate and Akt/mTOR signaling revealed no difference between wild-type and MMP-2 knockout mice, suggesting that a difference in hypertrophy was independent of protein synthesis.

CONCLUSION

taken together, our results suggest that MMP-2 is a key mediator of ECM remodeling in the setting of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

BACKGROUND

Diminutive (≤ 5 mm) colorectal polyps are common, and overwhelmingly benign. Routinely, after polypectomy, they are examined pathologically to determine the surveillance intervals. Advances in equipment and techniques, such as narrow-band imaging (NBI) colonoscopy, now permit reliable real-time optical diagnosis.

METHODS

We conducted a randomised single-masked study involving three institutions to determine whether optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps meets clinical practice standards and reduces the need for histopathology. We randomly assigned eligible patients undergoing routine high-definition colonoscopy to optical diagnosis using near focus versus standard view, using computer-generated block sequence. By validated criteria, we rendered an optical diagnosis and a confidence level (high vs low) for all polyps, using NBI. Our primary endpoint was the number of accurate high-confidence optical diagnoses compared with central blinded pathology in the two groups. We analysed data using intention to treat.

FINDINGS

We enrolled 558 subjects, and randomly assigned 281 to near focus and 277 to standard view optical diagnosis. We detected 1309 predominantly diminutive (74.5%) and neoplastic (60.0%) polyps. Endoscopists were significantly more likely, OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.6 to 3.0, p<0.0001), to make a high-confidence optical diagnosis with near focus (85.1%) than standard (72.6%) view. High-confidence diagnoses had 96.4% and 92.0% negative predictive value, respectively. Of all polyps, 75.3% (95% CI71.3% to 78.9%) had a high-confidence accurate prediction using near focus, compared with 63.1% (95% CI 58.5% to 67.6%) using standard view. Optical versus histopathological diagnosis showed excellent agreement between the surveillance intervals, 93.5% in near focus and 92.2% in standard view. The median diagnosis time was 14 s.

CONCLUSIONS

Real-time optical diagnosis using NBI colonoscopy may replace the pathology diagnosis for the majority of diminutive colorectal polyps. Using colonoscopy with near focus view increases the confidence level of the optical diagnosis. Optical diagnosis would be a paradigm shift in clinical practice of colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01288833.